Nullifier

o1js / Modules / Nullifier

Class: Nullifier

Nullifiers are used as a public commitment to a specific anonymous account, to forbid actions like double spending, or allow a consistent identity between anonymous actions.

RFC: https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/issues/756

Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1255.pdf

Hierarchy

• { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }

  ↳ Nullifier

Table of contents

Constructors

• constructor

Properties

• private
• public
• publicKey
• _isStruct
• check
• fromFields
• toAuxiliary
• toFields
• toInput
• toJSON

Methods

• assertUnused
• getPublicKey
• isUnused
• key
• setUsed
• verify
• createTestNullifier
• fromJSON
• sizeInFields

Constructors

constructor

• new Nullifier(value)

Parameters

Name	Type	Default value
value	Object	undefined
value.private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }	undefined
value.public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }	undefined
value.publicKey	Group	Group

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).constructor

Defined in

lib/circuit_value.ts:367

Properties

private

• private: Object

Type declaration

Name	Type
c	Field
g_r	Group
h_m_pk_r	Group

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).private

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:26

---

public

• public: Object

Type declaration

Name	Type
nullifier	Group
s	Scalar

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).public

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:22

---

publicKey

• publicKey: Group = Group

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).publicKey

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:21

---

_isStruct

▪ Static _isStruct: true

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, })._isStruct

Defined in

lib/circuit_value.ts:367

---

check

▪ Static check: (value: { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }) => void

Type declaration

▸ (value): void

Add assertions to the proof to check if value is a valid member of type T. This function does not return anything, rather creates any number of assertions on the proof to prove value is a valid member of the type T.

For instance, calling check function on the type Bool asserts that the value of the element is either 1 or 0.

Parameters

Name	Type	Default value	Description
value	Object	undefined	the element of type T to put assertions on.
value.private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }	undefined	-
value.public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }	undefined	-
value.publicKey	Group	Group	-

Returns

void

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).check

Defined in

snarky.d.ts:134

---

fromFields

▪ Static fromFields: (fields: Field[]) => { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }

Type declaration

▸ (fields): Object

A function that returns an element of type T from the given provable data.

Important: For any element of type T, this function is the reverse operation of calling toFields method on an element of type T.

Parameters

Name	Type	Description
fields	Field[]	an array of Field elements describing the provable data of the new T element.

Returns

Object

An element of type T generated from the given provable data.

Name	Type
private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }
public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }
publicKey	Group

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).fromFields

Defined in

snarky.d.ts:115

---

toAuxiliary

▪ Static toAuxiliary: (value?: { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }) => any[]

Type declaration

▸ (value?): any[]

A function that takes value (optional), an element of type T, as argument and returns an array of any type that make up the "auxiliary" (non-provable) data of value. As any element of the interface ProvablePure<T> includes no "auxiliary" data by definition, this function always returns a default value.

Parameters

Name	Type	Default value	Description
value?	Object	undefined	the element of type T to generate the auxiliary data array from, optional. If not provided, a default value for auxiliary data is returned.
value.private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }	undefined	-
value.public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }	undefined	-
value.publicKey	Group	Group	-

Returns

any[]

An empty array, as any element of the interface ProvablePure<T> includes no "auxiliary" data by definition.

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).toAuxiliary

Defined in

snarky.d.ts:104

---

toFields

▪ Static toFields: (value: { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }) => Field[]

Type declaration

▸ (value): Field[]

A function that takes value, an element of type T, as argument and returns an array of Field elements that make up the provable data of value.

Parameters

Name	Type	Default value	Description
value	Object	undefined	the element of type T to generate the Field array from.
value.private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }	undefined	-
value.public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }	undefined	-
value.publicKey	Group	Group	-

Returns

Field[]

A Field array describing how this T element is made up of Field elements.

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).toFields

Defined in

snarky.d.ts:94

---

toInput

▪ Static toInput: (x: { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }) => { fields?: Field[] ; packed?: [Field, number][] }

Type declaration

▸ (x): Object

Parameters

Name	Type	Default value
x	Object	undefined
x.private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }	undefined
x.public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }	undefined
x.publicKey	Group	Group

Returns

Object

Name	Type
fields?	Field[]
packed?	[Field, number][]

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).toInput

Defined in

lib/circuit_value.ts:370

---

toJSON

▪ Static toJSON: (x: { private: { c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; } ; public: { nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; } ; publicKey: Group = Group }) => { private: { c: string; g_r: { x: string; y: string; }; h_m_pk_r: { x: string; y: string; }; } ; public: { nullifier: { x: string; y: string; }; s: string; } ; publicKey: { x: string ; y: string } = Group }

Type declaration

▸ (x): Object

Parameters

Name	Type	Default value
x	Object	undefined
x.private	{ c: Field; g_r: Group; h_m_pk_r: Group; }	undefined
x.public	{ nullifier: Group; s: Scalar; }	undefined
x.publicKey	Group	Group

Returns

Object

Name	Type
private	{ c: string; g_r: { x: string; y: string; }; h_m_pk_r: { x: string; y: string; }; }
public	{ nullifier: { x: string; y: string; }; s: string; }
publicKey	{ x: string ; y: string }
publicKey.x	string
publicKey.y	string

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).toJSON

Defined in

lib/circuit_value.ts:374

Methods

assertUnused

▸ assertUnused(witness, root): void

Checks if the Nullifier has been used before.

Example

// asserts that the nullifier has not been used before, throws an error otherwise
nullifier.assertUnused();

Parameters

Name	Type
witness	MerkleMapWitness
root	Field

Returns

void

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:141

---

getPublicKey

▸ getPublicKey(): PublicKey

Returns the PublicKey that is associated with this Nullifier.

Example

let pk = nullifier.getPublicKey();

Returns

PublicKey

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:170

---

isUnused

▸ isUnused(witness, root): Bool

Returns the state of the Nullifier.

Example

// returns a Bool based on whether or not the nullifier has been used before
let isUnused = nullifier.isUnused();

Parameters

Name	Type
witness	MerkleMapWitness
root	Field

Returns

Bool

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:121

---

key

▸ key(): Field

The key of the nullifier, which belongs to a unique message and a public key. Used as an index in Merkle trees.

Example

// returns the key of the nullifier which can be used as index in a Merkle tree/map
let key = nullifier.key();

Returns

Field

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:108

---

setUsed

▸ setUsed(witness): Field

Sets the Nullifier, returns the new Merkle root.

Example

// calculates the new root of the Merkle tree in which the nullifier is set to used
let newRoot = nullifier.setUsed(witness);

Parameters

Name	Type
witness	MerkleMapWitness

Returns

Field

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:156

---

verify

▸ verify(message): void

Verifies that the Nullifier belongs to a specific message. Throws an error if the Nullifier is incorrect.

Example

let nullifierMessage = [voteId, ...otherData];
// throws an error if the nullifier is invalid or doesn't belong to this specific message
nullifier.verify(nullifierMessage);

Parameters

Name	Type
message	Field[]

Returns

void

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:47

---

createTestNullifier

▸ Static createTestNullifier(message, sk): Nullifier

Note: This is not the recommended way to create a Nullifier in production. Please use mina-signer to create Nullifiers. Also, this function cannot be run within provable code to avoid unintended creations of Nullifiers - a Nullifier should never be created inside proveable code (e.g. a smart contract) directly, but rather created inside the users wallet (or other secure enclaves, so the private key never leaves that enclave).

PLUME: An ECDSA Nullifier Scheme for Unique Pseudonymity within Zero Knowledge Proofs https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1255.pdf chapter 3 page 14

Parameters

Name	Type
message	Field[]
sk	PrivateKey

Returns

Nullifier

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:183

---

fromJSON

▸ Static fromJSON(json): Nullifier

Parameters

Name	Type
json	Nullifier

Returns

Nullifier

Overrides

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).fromJSON

Defined in

lib/nullifier.ts:32

---

sizeInFields

▸ Static sizeInFields(): number

Return the size of the T type in terms of Field type, as Field is the primitive type.

Warning: This function returns a number, so you cannot use it to prove something on chain. You can use it during debugging or to understand the memory complexity of some type.

Returns

number

A number representing the size of the T type in terms of Field type.

Inherited from

Struct({ publicKey: Group, public: { nullifier: Group, s: Scalar, }, private: { c: Field, g_r: Group, h_m_pk_r: Group, }, }).sizeInFields

Defined in

snarky.d.ts:124